Some pointer needed:
See stuff on how to set up my camera and what the numerous Menu items mean, but can't seem to find anything about actually using it.
There is this (somewhat out-of-date but still servicable) :
http://chdk.wikia.com/wiki/CHDK_for_DummiesLike how to leave the opening text screen that precedes going to the Alt Menu.
Not sure what you are describing here ... sorry.
If I press the shutter button some script runs for a few seconds and finishes, but no snapshot!.
That's good - it's what is supposed to happen. Pressing the shutter button in <ALT> mode launches the currently loaded script.
I can go back and shoot on bog-standard Canon only.
Not quite. If you enabled any CHDK on-screen icons, they will still be there. And if you have enabled any overrides (like shutter speed or ISO) then those will take effect when you shoot in "formerly bog-standard" Canon mode.
General use-info needed!
There's lots of info but its not all current or completely correct. People who hack software for fun tend to have little time for detailed guides for beginners. You have to read what you and an learn by trial & error I'm afraid.
Meanwhile. this is the best manual out there :
http://chdk.wikia.com/wiki/CHDK_1.2.0_User_Manual